
The Caddo left their names, art, and culture in Louisiana. A num-
ber of colonial European families can boast of Caddoan ancestors:
Grappes, Brevelles, Balthazars, and others. In Oklahoma, after years of
wandering, the Kadohadacho and Hasinai have become the dominant
groups. Yet, as has been pointed out, old traditions persist. Poople still
recall stories of floods on Caddo Prairie which left cows hanging by their
horns in the trees, and know that Natchitoches meant the place of "little
yellow fruits" that do not grow in Oklahoma.
At Binger and near Hinton, Oklahoma, the old songs and dances
continue to be heard and seen. The Turkey Dance still is held before the
sun sets, and individuals sing the "Dawn Song" or "Thm Cat Song" on
their way home from the dancing.
The Caddo now visit Louisiana, especially Natchitoches and
Shreveport, to see the places of their tradition. Places are part of Indian
tradition and pilgrimages are sacred acts. Perhaps now other Louisianians
will join the Caddo who realize how much Indian culture remains in
northwestern Louisiana.

American State Papers
1859 Documents of the Congress of the United States in relation to
the Public Lands, Class VIII, Public Lands (Vol.3). Washing-
ton, D.C.
Blake Papers
1939 Translations of the Spanish records of Nacogdoches County,
Texas. Ms. on file, Special Collections Library, Stephen F. Aus-
tin University, Nacogdoches.
Bolton, Herbert E.
1914 Athanase de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas frontier; 1768-
1780. Arthur H. Clark, Cleveland.
1921 The Spanish borderlands. Yale University Press, New Haven.
1962 Texas in the middle eighteenth century. Russell and Russell,
New York.
Brain, Jeffrey P.
1977 On the Thnica trail. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and An-
tiquities Commission, Anthropological Study 1.
Bridges, Catherine and Winston Deville
1967 Natchitoches and the trail to the Rio Grande: two eighteenth
century accounts by the Sieur Derbanne. Louisiana History
8:239-247.
Caddo Agency Letters
1819- Correspondence of George Gray and Jehiel Brooks. Micro-
1835 film. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Darby, William
1816 A geographical description of the State of Louisiana. John
Mel-
ish, Philadelphia.
Ford, James A.
1936 Analysis of Indian village site collections from Louisiana and
Mississippi. Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological
Survey, Anthropological Study 2.
Fulton, Robert L. and Clarence H. Webb
1953 The Bellevue mound: a pre-Caddoan site in Bossier Parish,
Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 24:18-42.
Gagliano, Sherwood M. and Hiram F. Gregory, Jr.
1965 A preliminary survey of Paleo-Indian points from Louisiana.
Louisiana Studies 4(1):62-77.
Gregory, Hiram F., Jr.
1974 Eighteenth century Caddoan archaeology: a study in models
and interpretation. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of
Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
Gregory, Hiram E, Jr. and Clarence H. Webb
1965 European trade beads from six sites in Natchitoches Parish,
Louisiana. Florida Anthropologist 18(3): 1544.
Gullick, Charles Adams (editor)
1921 Papers of Mirabeau Lamar (6 vols.) A. C. Baldwin and Sons,
Austin.
Hodge, Frederick Webb (editor)
1907 Caddo. In Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Bu-
reau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 30, Part 1.
La Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon
1774
The history of Louisiana. English translation published by T.
Becket, London. (Original: Histoire de la Louisiane, Paris
1758).
McClure, Lilla and J. Ed Howe
1937 History of Shreveport and Shreveport builders. J. Ed Howe,
Shreveport.
McClurkan, Burney B., William T. Field and J. Ned Woodall
1966 Excavations in Toledo Bend Reservoir, 1964-65. Papers of the
Texas Archeological Salvage Project 8, Austin.
McWilliams, Richebourg G. (editor)
1953 Fleur de lys and calumet: being the Penicaut narrative of
French adventure in Louisiana. Louisiana State University
Press, Baton Rouge.
Mooney, James
1896 The ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890.14th
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1892-
1893, Part 2.
Moore, Clarence B.
1912 Some aboriginal sites on Red River. Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadephia 14:482-644.
Neuman, Robert W
1974 Historic locations of certain Caddoan tribes. In Caddoan Indi-
ans II, pp, 9-147. Garland, New York.
Pintado Papers
n.d. Land claim documents, State of Louisiana. Ms. on file, Louisi-
ana State Land Office, Baton Rouge.
Rowland, Dunbar and Albert S. Sanders
1929 Mississippi provincial archives, 1701-1729. Mississippi
Department of Archives and History, Jackson.
Service, Elman
1962 Primitive social organization. Random House, New York.
Sibley, John
1832 Historical sketches of the several Indian tribes in Louisiana,
south of the Arkansas River, and between the Mississippi and
Rio Grande. American State Papers, Class II, Indian Affairs
(Vol.1), pp.721-731, Washington, D.C.
1922 A report from Natchitoches in 1807, edited by Annie Heloise
Abel. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, In-
dian Notes and Monographs, Miscellaneous Series 25:5-102.
Swanton, John R.
1942 Source material on the history and ethnology of the Caddo
Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 132.
Tanner, Helen Hombeck
1974 The territory of the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma. In Caddoan
Indians IV, pp.1-67. Garland, New York.
Taylor, Allen R.
1963 The classification of the Caddoan languages. Proceedings of
the American Philosophical Society 107(1 ):5 1-59.
Thomas, Prentice Marquet, Jr., L. Janice Campbell and Steven R.
Ahler
1980 The Hanna site: an Alto village in Red River Parish. Louisiana
Archaeology 5.
Walker, Winslow M.
1935 A Caddo burial site at Natchitoches, Louisiana. Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections 94(14).
Webb, Clarence H.
1945 A second historic Caddo site at Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society
16:52-83.
1946 Two unusual types of chipped stone artifacts from northwest
Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Th~leontolog-
ical Society 17:9-17.
1948a Caddoan prehistory: the Bossier Focus. Bulletin of the Texas
Archeological and Paleontological Society 19:100-147.
1948b Evidences of pre-pottery cultures in Louisiana. American An-
tiquity 13(3):227-232.
1959 The Belcher mound: a stratified Caddoan site in Caddo Parish,
Louisiana. Memoirs of the Society fi)r American Archaeology
16.
1963 The Smithport Landing site: an Alto Focus component in De
Soto Parish, Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological S~
ciety 34:143-187.
1983 The Bossier Focus revisited: Montgomery I, Werner and other
unicomponent sites. In Southeastern Natives and their pasts:
papers honoring Dr. Robert E. Bell, edited by Don G. Wyckoff
and Jack L. Hofman, pp. 183-240. Oklahoma Archeological
Survey Studies in Oklahoma's Past 11; Cross Timbers Heritage
Association Contribution 2. Oklahoma Archeological Survey,
The University of Oklahoma, Norman.
Webb, Clarence H. and Monroe Dodd
1939 Further excavations of the Gahagan mound; connections with
a Florida culture. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Pale-
ontological Society 11:92-126.
Webb, Clarence H. and David R. Jeane
1977 The Springhill Airport sites, J. C. Montgomery I (16WE32)
and II (16WE33). Newsletter of the Louisiana Archaeological
Society 4(3):3-7.
Webb, Clarence H. and Ralph McKinney
1975 Mounds Plantation (16CD12), Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Loui-
s~ana Archaeology 2:39-127.
Webb, Clarence H., Joel L. Shiner and E. Wayne Roberts
1971 The John Pearce site (16CD56): a San Patrice site in Caddo
Parish, Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society
42:1-49.
Williams, Stephen
1964 The aboriginal location of the Kadohadacho and related tribes.
In Explorations in Cultural Anthropology, edited by Ward H.
Goodenough, pp.545-570. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Wyckoff, Donald G.
1974 The Caddoan cultural area: an archaeological perspective. In
Caddoan Indians, I, pp.6-16. Garland, New York.
<< BACK TO BEGINNING